All canine diagnoses

Your dog was diagnosed with Pheochromocytoma / Adrenal Tumour. Uncommon tumour arising from adrenal medulla chromaffin cells. Can be functional (catecholamine-secreting) causing episodic hypertension, tachycardia, panting. Often incidental finding on abdominal imaging. Can be locally invasive (vena cava invasion). Compare 2 treatment options for dogs including Adrenalectomy, Conservative / Medical Management — with survival times, costs, and what to expect during treatment.

🐕

Pheochromocytoma / Adrenal Tumour

BreedsNo strong breed predispositionPossibly increased in medium to large breeds
canine

Neuroendocrine

About This Cancer

Pheochromocytoma is a tumour arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla — the inner part of the adrenal gland responsible for producing adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). When functional, these tumours can release surges of catecholamines, causing episodes of high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, panting, and restlessness. However, many pheochromocytomas are non-functional or produce only mild symptoms, and are discovered incidentally during abdominal imaging for unrelated conditions. A particular surgical challenge is that some of these tumours invade the adjacent vena cava (the body's largest vein), which significantly complicates surgical removal and increases operative risk. Surgical excision, when feasible, is the treatment of choice, but perioperative management of blood pressure and heart rhythm is critical.

No formal staging system

Prognostic assessment based on tumour size, local invasiveness (vena cava involvement), and presence of metastasis. Functional status (catecholamine secretion) affects perioperative risk.

Prognostic Factors(2)
Vascular invasionVena cava invasion increases surgical complexity and perioperative mortality but does not preclude surgery(Enright et al., 2022)
Perioperative mortalityShort-term mortality rate ~21% (haemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias). Dogs surviving to discharge have excellent long-term prognosis.(Enright et al., 2022)
Minimum Workup(7 steps)
1Abdominal ultrasound (adrenal mass, vascular invasion assessment)
2CT or MRI abdomen (surgical planning, vena cava invasion assessment)
3Blood pressure measurement
4Complete blood count and biochemistry
5Urinalysis
6Thoracic imaging for staging
7Urine catecholamine/metanephrine ratios if available

Median Survival Time Comparison

How long the average patient survives with each treatment

Bar opacity reflects evidence strength
Adrenalectomy
~39 mo
Conservative / Medical Management
~1.7 mo
Reading this page: MST (Median Survival Time) is how long the average patient survives with a given treatment. ORR (Overall Response Rate) is the percentage of patients whose tumour shrank or disappeared. CR = Complete Response (tumour gone); PR = Partial Response (tumour shrank). Hover over any abbreviation for a quick explanation.
Strength of Evidence

Each treatment is rated by how much published research supports its use. Solid bars indicate stronger evidence; dashed bars mean less certainty.

StrongLarge published studies with strong agreement among veterinary oncologists.
ModerateWidely used in clinical practice, but supported by smaller or retrospective studies.
IndirectEvidence comes from a different tumour type or species and has been applied here.
LimitedVery little published data is available for this specific treatment.

Please note: All treatment data is sourced from published peer-reviewed literature. Survival times and cost figures are approximate guides. Your pet's individual factors — including tumour grade, stage, and overall health — will influence outcomes and should guide all treatment decisions. The strength-of-evidence rating reflects how much research exists, not how strongly a treatment is recommended. This tool is designed to help you have informed conversations with your veterinary oncologist, not to replace them. Costs shown are US referral centre estimates and may vary significantly by region.